The effect size of violent video game exposure during the past week increased from the second model (β = 0.09, p = 0.26) to the final model (β = 0.16, p = 0.08). Therefore, violent video game exposure significantly predicts higher disinhibition scores [β = 0.16, p (1-tailed) = 0.04]. The B-value of 1.00 suggests that a difference in exposure ...By Dana Goldstein. Justice Lab is a column that examines the science, social science and technology of criminal justice. Americans have long been drawn to the idea that violent movies or video games can provoke actual delinquency or serious crime. In 1963, the Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura performed an experiment in which one group of ...Do video games cause violence? This is a debate that has been raging back and forth for decades, and numerous scientific studies have been conducted in an attempt to find a clear link.Aug 13, 2019 ... Even if they don't cause mass shootings, the ultra-violence of contemporary games still warrants scrutiny. Today's virtual gore is more ...Jul 1, 2015 ... The truth is that decades of research have turned up no reliable causal link between playing violent video games and perpetrating actual ...The video above from Psych2Go looks at the relationship between video game violence and real life aggression. The majority of studies seem to find that aggression and violent video games are linked, but these studies were not conducted under objective conditions and only measured short term effects.Experts are divided on the potential harm of violent video games on children's behavior and mental health. Learn about the research, the arguments, and the p…Although effect sizes are only small to medium and some studies fail to find that violent video games cause aggression (e.g., Adachi & Willoughby, 2011), it ...Based on the General Aggression Model (GAM), Anderson et al. suggested that violent video games constitute an antecedent variable of …Researchers make the case that if violent games directly led to violent behavior, the data would show increases in violent crime on a large-scale as more people played violent games. In fact, there is some evidence that as more youth play video games, rates of youth violence have decreased. A recent analysis finds that research on video games ...Oct 1, 2018 · The latest in the long-standing debate over violent video games: They do cause players to become more physically aggressive. An international study looking at more than 17,000 adolescents, ages ... ANN ARBOR—Playing violent video games changes brain function and desensitizes chronic players to violence, a new study shows. “It’s already well known that playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior and decreases helping behavior,” said University of Michigan researcher Brad Bushman. “But this study is the …The Entertainment Software Association, the biggest video game trade group, reiterated its position that there is no causal connection between video games and violence. “More than 165 million ...ANN ARBOR—Playing violent video games changes brain function and desensitizes chronic players to violence, a new study shows. “It’s already well known that playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior and decreases helping behavior,” said University of Michigan researcher Brad Bushman. “But this study is the …Among kids between the ages of 12 and 17, the number rises to 97%. More important, 85% or more of video games on the market contain some form of violence. The titles seem to say it all: “Manhunt ...In contrast, in Study 2, level of reported aggressive feelings was not related to the violence of the game. Taken together, habitual violent video game players (erroneously) believe in the cathartic effects of violent video games, because they are in …In actual fact, the vast majority of real-life violence caused by video games is due to frustration (Gentile, D., 2005). This can be caused by failing a level right before a checkpoint, losing a game by just a few points, or the opposition scoring just before the buzzer. The reactions to these events have been known as raging.Feb 20, 2019 · In the first step, a simple moderated model (Model 1) between exposure to violent video games and aggression was established. The result showed that exposure to violent video games had a significant effect on aggression (c 1 = 0.24, t = 6.13, p < 0.001), while the effect of family environment × exposure to violent video games on aggression was not significant (c 3 = 0.05, t = −1.31, p = 0. ... 1. The short-term effects are just that — short-term effects that appear to wear off after a few minutes. It isn’t clear if or how they might related to long-term behavior problems. 2. While the correlation between long-term game play and aggression is real, the effect size is small, and hard to interpret. The latest in the long-standing debate over violent video games: They do cause players to become more physically aggressive. An international study looking at more than 17,000 adolescents, ages ...Learn the pros and cons of the debate over whether violent video games contribute to youth violence. Find out the research, arguments, and …EmbedVideo(5745, 482, 304); Psychologist Brad Bushman and public health expert Cheryl Olson weigh in on the impact of violent video games on behavior. Watch the full report on PBS NewsHour Tuesday.Aug 5, 2019 ... "There is no evidence to support these claims that violent media and real-world violence are connected."The debate over whether violent video games contribute to youth violence is complex and controversial. The article explains the history, ratings, … The advent of video games raised new questions about the potential impact of media violence, since the video game player is an active participant rather than merely a viewer. 97% of adolescents age 12–17 play video games—on a computer, on consoles such as the Wii, Playstation, and Xbox, or on portable devices such as Gameboys, smartphones, and tablets. In the wake of multiple mass shootings in a 24-hour period, President Trump blamed a familiar culprit: violent video games. In doing so, Trump — and a chorus of increasingly strange bedfellows ...Mar 13, 2018 · Abstract. It is a widespread concern that violent video games promote aggression, reduce pro-social behaviour, increase impulsivity and interfere with cognition as well as mood in its players. Previous experimental studies have focussed on short-term effects of violent video gameplay on aggression, yet there are reasons to believe that these ... We’ve all heard that violent video games make you violent, but is it true? Myles and PBS NewsHour Student Reporters from Etiwanda High School in Southern Cal...Sep 16, 2014 ... Virtually shooting others on a daily basis, they say, desensitizes people to violence and makes them more aggressive. Therefore, video games can ...“The results demonstrate that playing violent video games, even for just 20 minutes, can cause people to become less physiologically aroused by real violence,” said Carnagey.Today, 65% of American adults and nearly all teenagers play video games. In 2018, the industry made more than $136 billion. Games look more real than ever, s...Violence remains a contemporary concern in the USA. After high-profile acts of violence are committed, society searches for explanations. This is reflected in concerns regarding unwarranted violence including shootings by police officers. Violent video games have often been alleged to be the cause of societal aggression despite …1997. Anti-video games activist and attorney Jack Thompson files the first of what are to be a large number of lawsuits claiming video games are responsible for violence perpetrated by teens. The lawsuit is filed on …Their heart rates and blood pressures increased, and their adrenal glands released adrenaline. Real-life violence triggers the same physiological responses. The analysis concluded that the studies "clearly support the hypothesis that exposure to violent video games poses a public-health …A non-violent crime is any crime that does not involve the use of force or cause injury to another person. Non-violent crimes are often judged in terms of property damage or loss t...Nov 8, 2023 ... Children who play violent video games have increased aggressive cognitions, aggressive behavior, psychological arousal as well as antisocial ... Research shows that video games, especially violent video games, are a risk factor for violence. However, they are often not the only cause of aggression but a contributing factor. Other factors include poor family relations, poverty, social stress, frustration and negative childhood experiences. When combined with one or more of those risk ... Updated: Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence? Posted on June 8, 2021 by ProCon.org. Explore the debate with updated arguments, quotes, and “did you know” facts. Posted in Our Latest Updates. Updated: Should Bottled Water Be Banned? Federal Agents Will Be Required to Wear Body Cameras.By Anne Harding. About 90 percent of U.S. kids ages 8 to 16 play video games, and they spend about 13 hours a week doing so (more if you're a boy). Now a new study suggests virtual violence in ...Jul 1, 2015 ... The truth is that decades of research have turned up no reliable causal link between playing violent video games and perpetrating actual ...Apr 18, 2017 · The video above from Psych2Go looks at the relationship between video game violence and real life aggression. The majority of studies seem to find that aggression and violent video games are linked, but these studies were not conducted under objective conditions and only measured short term effects. Aug 9, 2021 · There is growing research on the effects of video games on children. Studies of children exposed to violence have shown that they can become immune or numb to violence, imitate the violence they see and show more aggressive behavior with greater exposure to violence. Studies have also shown that the more realistic and repeated the exposure to ... Dr Suziedelyte said: "Taken together, these results suggest that violent video games may agitate children, but this agitation does not translate into violence against other people -- which is the ...Jun 20, 2023 · The author challenges the common claim that violent video games make people more aggressive and violent, based on research that compares different types of games and variables. He argues that the link between violent video games and behavior is not clear and that other factors, such as competence, frustration, and aggression, are more important. A study of 24 studies on the topic suggests that violent video games may increase physical aggression among adolescents and preteens, but the effect is small and not conclusive. The authors and critics debate the significance and …You can get rid of violent video game addiction with the help of ‘Screen Time’ settings. In case, in the ‘Activity Report’ if the violent games are frequently accessed for long hours then you can block either the app or set ‘Screen time’ for it. You can limit the kid’s gadget usage if you plan the ‘Screen Time’ wisely.It asked the participants to list three violent video games they had most recently encountered and to rate the frequency and violence of each game. Using a 5-point score, the degree of exposure to violent video games = amount of exposure = ∑ [violent content × frequency of using games]/3; the higher the score, the more exposure to …Can video games impact your mental health? Research suggests that gaming can have both adverse and positive effects on your mental health. Turning on your gaming console at the end... Research shows that video games, especially violent video games, are a risk factor for violence. However, they are often not the only cause of aggression but a contributing factor. Other factors include poor family relations, poverty, social stress, frustration and negative childhood experiences. When combined with one or more of those risk ... APA reaffirms its 2015 resolution that there is insufficient evidence to support a causal link between violent video games and violent behavior. It cautions against …Jan 8, 2020 ... Instead the debate in the research field is about the role violent video games plays on more minor levels of aggression. Do violent video games ... In February 2018, President Trump stated in response to the school shooting in Parkland, Florida that “the level of violence (in) video games is really shaping young people’s thoughts.”. He’s far from the first to suggest that violent video games make children violent. It certainly looks like they do. The myth that video games cause violent behavior is undermined by scientific research and common sense. According to FBI statistics, youth violence has declined in recent years as computer and ...Aug 5, 2019 · Advocacy groups warn that pointing to a connection between violent video games and gun violence distracts from the real issue allowing so many mass shootings to occur in the US: gun safety laws ... By Dana Goldstein. Justice Lab is a column that examines the science, social science and technology of criminal justice. Americans have long been drawn to the idea that violent movies or video games can provoke actual delinquency or serious crime. In 1963, the Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura performed an experiment in which one group of ...Aug 5, 2019 · But experts say there is little evidence to link violent games to real-world violence. “Games have only become more realistic. The players of games and violent games have only become more diverse. Based on the General Aggression Model (GAM), Anderson et al. suggested that violent video games constitute an antecedent variable of …Feb 20, 2019 · In the first step, a simple moderated model (Model 1) between exposure to violent video games and aggression was established. The result showed that exposure to violent video games had a significant effect on aggression (c 1 = 0.24, t = 6.13, p < 0.001), while the effect of family environment × exposure to violent video games on aggression was not significant (c 3 = 0.05, t = −1.31, p = 0. ... Sep 22, 2019 ... Those in the “violent games cause violent behavior” camp generally argue that playing such games increases the access that someone has to ...Dr Suziedelyte said: "Taken together, these results suggest that violent video games may agitate children, but this agitation does not translate into violence against other people -- which is the ...Additionally, if video games do cause youth to be violent, then one would expect juvenile violent crime to increase as more youth play violent video games. Instead, US computer and video game software sales increased 204% from 1994 to 2014, reaching $13.1 billion in 2014, while murders by juveniles acting alone fell 76% and violent crime rates ...Can video games impact your mental health? Research suggests that gaming can have both adverse and positive effects on your mental health. Turning on your gaming console at the end...First, the players of violent video games were less likely to help those involved in the staged confrontation than the players of the nonviolent games (21% vs 25%). Second, players of the violent video game rated the fight as less serious (mean score, 5.91 vs 6.44 on a scale of 1-10, with 1 being the least serious and 10 being the most serious).In February 2018, President Trump stated in response to the school shooting in Parkland, Florida that “the level of violence (in) video games is really shaping young people’s thoughts.”. He’s far from the first to suggest that violent video games make children violent. It certainly looks like they do.China invested over $37 billion in video games in 2018 and had only 0.04 violent gun deaths per 100,000 people. ... The connection older generations tend to make that video games cause violence ...Jan 8, 2020 ... Instead the debate in the research field is about the role violent video games plays on more minor levels of aggression. Do violent video games ...Since their inception in the 1970s, video games have often been criticized by some for violent content. Politicians, parents, and other activists have claimed that violence in video games can be tied to violent behavior, particularly in children, and have sought ways to regulate the sale of video games. Studies have shown no connection between ...Methods/Principal Findings. Participants (N = 101) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions; neutral video game—offline, neutral video game—online, violent video game—offline and violent video game—online.Following this they completed questionnaires to assess their attitudes towards the game and engaged …A study of 24 studies on the topic suggests that violent video games may increase physical aggression among adolescents and preteens, but the effect is small and not conclusive. The authors and critics debate the significance and …Do Video Games Cause Violence? Can playing a violent video game lead unstable young people to commit acts of violence? Whatever side of the debate you're on, learn words on this list drawn from the Wall Street Journal's " Videogame Makers Fight Efforts to Study Link to Violence" (Dec. 10, 2013) to make your points with clarity and precision.Aug 9, 2021 · There is growing research on the effects of video games on children. Studies of children exposed to violence have shown that they can become immune or numb to violence, imitate the violence they see and show more aggressive behavior with greater exposure to violence. Studies have also shown that the more realistic and repeated the exposure to ... Nov 21, 2022 · It asked the participants to list three violent video games they had most recently encountered and to rate the frequency and violence of each game. Using a 5-point score, the degree of exposure to violent video games = amount of exposure = ∑ [violent content × frequency of using games]/3; the higher the score, the more exposure to violent ... Basically, yes, violent video games tend to make people more aggressive, yet decreases violent acts. Though other studies have shown that people who play violent games get into fights more. Share. Terrorz. • 12 yr. ago. Or violent people are more likely to choose more violent games to play.Additional research on the potential connection between video games and violent behavior is featured in the APS Research Topic Video Games and Violence. # # # Reference: Ferguson, C. J., Coperhaver, A., & Marley, P. (2020). Reexamining the Findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 Task Force on Violent Media: A meta …Mar 26, 2018 ... The study found daily play of violent video games is not linked to long-term aggression in adults. According to the study's authors, these ...Nov 23, 2022 · Griffiths and Hunt ( 1998) sought the opinions of adolescents on the negative aspects of video games and reported that the games made them feel moody, more aggressive, as well as causing headaches, hand aches, and also decreased academic achievement. 4. VVGs cause an increase in aggressive behavior. Can video games impact your mental health? Research suggests that gaming can have both adverse and positive effects on your mental health. Turning on your gaming console at the end...Feb 20, 2019 · In the first step, a simple moderated model (Model 1) between exposure to violent video games and aggression was established. The result showed that exposure to violent video games had a significant effect on aggression (c 1 = 0.24, t = 6.13, p < 0.001), while the effect of family environment × exposure to violent video games on aggression was not significant (c 3 = 0.05, t = −1.31, p = 0. ... Jun 18, 2022 ... Violent video games may trigger increased aggression, but not necessarily violence. · There is evidence that playing violent video games for long ...An August 2013 study argues that violent video games do not cause high risk youths to bully, while a March 2014 study argues that over time, violent video games make children more aggressive.Do violent video games cause violence
The study looked at patterns of violent video game play, and found three such patterns over time: high initial violence (those who played violent games when they were young and then reduced their ...Feb 13, 2019 ... A handful of preregistered studies have rigorously tested the links between violent game play and human aggression [47], and do not detect an ...Research shows that video games, especially violent video games, are a risk factor for violence. However, they are often not the only cause of aggression but a contributing factor. Other factors include poor family relations, poverty, social stress, frustration and negative childhood experiences. When combined with one or more of those risk ...Aug 28, 2019 · The idea that video games cause violence is what the government wants people to believe instead of tackling the real issues at hand like mental health and bullying. There have been various studies done, even some by the Trump administration, and no significant connection has been found between violent video games and mass shootings. Aug 17, 2015 ... Bushman, who has done extensive work on violent media including games and aggression, said he disagreed with the APA conclusion that there is no ...Researchers make the case that if violent games directly led to violent behavior, the data would show increases in violent crime on a large-scale as more people played violent games. In fact ...Aug 17, 2015 ... Bushman, who has done extensive work on violent media including games and aggression, said he disagreed with the APA conclusion that there is no ...The author challenges the common claim that violent video games make people more aggressive and violent, based on research that compares different types of games and variables. …In February 2018, President Trump stated in response to the school shooting in Parkland, Florida that “the level of violence (in) video games is really shaping young people’s thoughts.”. He’s far from the first to suggest that violent video games make children violent. It certainly looks like they do.The debate over whether violent video games contribute to youth violence is complex and controversial. The article explains the history, ratings, …Feb 28, 2013 · Determining the relationship between video games and violence “may take 20 or 30 years.”. “Video games could be expected to have a larger effect than media violence. The player is ... Cairns has explored the concept of “priming,” or the idea that game violence can somehow alter how we respond to violence elsewhere, potentially leading toward violent behavior. There’s no ...Spec Ops: The Line questioned the morality of military intervention. Video games are not responsible for real-world violence – life is far too complicated for that to be true – and video games ...When you think of the creativity and imagination that goes into making video games, it’s natural to assume the process is unbelievably hard, but it may be easier than you think if ...Violent video games have been a small part of the national conversation about gun violence in recent weeks. The big question: Does violence in games make people more violent in the real world?The first moral panic over video game violence had begun. ... ‘Violent videogames cause an increase in aggression long after the game has been turned off’ is the headline for one 2010 study ...The debate over whether violent video games contribute to youth violence is complex and controversial. The article explains the history, ratings, …Aug 17, 2015 ... Bushman, who has done extensive work on violent media including games and aggression, said he disagreed with the APA conclusion that there is no ...1997. Anti-video games activist and attorney Jack Thompson files the first of what are to be a large number of lawsuits claiming video games are responsible for violence perpetrated by teens. The lawsuit is filed on …The results showed statistically significant increases in overall aggression and violent tendencies that occurred very soon after tenuous mainstream media stories claiming video games cause violence.In actual fact, the vast majority of real-life violence caused by video games is due to frustration (Gentile, D., 2005). This can be caused by failing a level right before a checkpoint, losing a game by just a few points, or the opposition scoring just before the buzzer. The reactions to these events have been known as raging.For example, although aggression and violence are multiply determined and violent video game play is certainly not the most important predictor variable, even a small to medium effect of violent video games on aggression can have a considerable societal impact as millions of people are playing the games.The first, a meta-analysis of 98 studies with nearly 37,000 participants, concludes without equivocation that “violent video games increase aggression.”. The second, which describes new research from Italy, provides further evidence of that troubling dynamic, and indicates they also lead to “decreased self-control and increased cheating.”.A seven year study published in 2018 of 17,000 adolescents, ages nine to 19, found that the playing of violent video games led to more physical aggression over time. Even with a study like this, it is difficult to say that video games cause violence. Stephanie Chan, a sociology professor at Biola University, briefly studied the correlation ...1. The short-term effects are just that — short-term effects that appear to wear off after a few minutes. It isn’t clear if or how they might related to long-term behavior problems. 2. While the correlation between long-term …On Aug. 5, when President Trump linked violent video games to the mass shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, Ferguson was interviewed by scores of media outlets, including The New York Times , The Atlantic and NBC News. “The data on bananas causing suicide is about as conclusive,” he told the New York Times. “Literally.Researchers make the case that if violent games directly led to violent behavior, the data would show increases in violent crime on a large-scale as more people played violent games. In fact, there is some evidence that as more youth play video games, rates of youth violence have decreased. A recent analysis finds that research on video games ...These studies show that violent video games increase aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure), and aggressive behavior. Violent games also ...May 15, 2014 ... Violent video games and mass shootings are two phenomena that have become invariably linked in much of the public consciousness. Whenever ...Sep. 16, 2019 — People are more likely to blame violent video games as a cause of school shootings by white perpetrators than by African-American perpetrators, possibly because of racial ...Jul 1, 2015 · The truth is that decades of research have turned up no reliable causal link between playing violent video games and perpetrating actual violence. This is not to say that games have no effect ... According to Joan Fleischman’s article, “Old Kid on the Block is in Divorce Court,” bad tempers, violence and extramarital affairs caused Danny Wood and Patricia Alfaro to divorce....Jul 25, 2022 · distracted. irritable. anxious. sad. aggressive. hostile. But not all kids act this way because of gaming. It could be due to other causes. Still, research points to a connection between regular ... Their heart rates and blood pressures increased, and their adrenal glands released adrenaline. Real-life violence triggers the same physiological responses. The analysis concluded that the studies "clearly support the hypothesis that exposure to violent video games poses a public-health …Sep. 16, 2019 — People are more likely to blame violent video games as a cause of school shootings by white perpetrators than by African-American perpetrators, possibly because of racial ...Aug 9, 2021 · There is growing research on the effects of video games on children. Studies of children exposed to violence have shown that they can become immune or numb to violence, imitate the violence they see and show more aggressive behavior with greater exposure to violence. Studies have also shown that the more realistic and repeated the exposure to ... "The violence in the entertainment culture, particularly with the extraordinary realism to video games and movies now, does cause vulnerable young men, particularly, to be more violent," said the ... Researchers make the case that if violent games directly led to violent behavior, the data would show increases in violent crime on a large-scale as more people played violent games. In fact, there is some evidence that as more youth play video games, rates of youth violence have decreased. A recent analysis finds that research on video games ... Vox (Aug 5th): Video games don’t cause violent crime. Kevin McCarthy blamed violent video games for mass shootings over the weekend, and Donald Trump did the same at Monday’s press conference singling out “the gruesome video games that are now commonplace” to blame for creating “a culture that celebrates violence.”.Sep 18, 2014 ... A meta-analysis by Anderson and Bushman 5 revealed a positive correlation between exposure to violent video games and increased levels of ...“These studies … do not prove that violent video games cause minors to act aggressively … and most of the studies suffer from significant, admitted flaws in methodology.”The study looked at patterns of violent video game play, and found three such patterns over time: high initial violence (those who played violent games when they were young and then reduced their ...We’ve all heard that violent video games make you violent, but is it true? Myles and PBS NewsHour Student Reporters from Etiwanda High School in Southern Cal...Jul 6, 2023 ... Critics argue that exposure to violent content in video games leads to increased aggression and violent behavior, while others contend that the ...Aug 17, 2015 ... They concluded that playing video games can increase aggressive behavior and thoughts, while lessening empathy and sensitivity toward aggression ...Advocacy groups warn that pointing to a connection between violent video games and gun violence distracts from the real issue allowing so many mass shootings to occur in the US: gun safety laws ...Violence, as defined by Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary, is “the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage or destroy.”. A violent video game is one that features these elements. Fortnite, a violent video game, has risen to alarming popularity with over 40 million downloads since its release in fall 2017.“These studies … do not prove that violent video games cause minors to act aggressively … and most of the studies suffer from significant, admitted flaws in methodology.”Jul 1, 2015 ... The truth is that decades of research have turned up no reliable causal link between playing violent video games and perpetrating actual ...Video games have not yet been proven as the cause of violent behavior. Nevertheless, some may argue that violent video games increase the access that someone has to violent thoughts or that it causes more aggression, bullying, and fighting. In 2014, a study published in Psychology of Popular Media Culture found that 90% of pediatricians and 67% ...Researchers Delve Into Data on Video Games and Aggression in Kids. A large data analysis shows only minimal impact of violent video games on aggressive behavior, but scientists say they need better measures to confirm those findings. Some of the most popular video games feature violence of some kind -- psychological scientists are …Feb 4, 2020 ... The “Do Violent Video Games Cause Violence” Debate ... According to the summary table from Quwaider et al, fighting games such as Tekken or Mortal ...New research is challenging the idea that playing violent video games leads to you having less empathy towards real-life violence and trauma. A 2023 survey found that around 89% of the best ...Apr 18, 2017 · The video above from Psych2Go looks at the relationship between video game violence and real life aggression. The majority of studies seem to find that aggression and violent video games are linked, but these studies were not conducted under objective conditions and only measured short term effects. Oct 1, 2018 · The latest in the long-standing debate over violent video games: They do cause players to become more physically aggressive. An international study looking at more than 17,000 adolescents, ages ... Video Games / psychology*. Violence / psychology*. This article examines current research linking exposure to violent video games and desensitization to violence. Data from questionnaire, behavioral, and psychophysiologic research are reviewed to determine if exposure to violent video games is a risk factor for desensitization to violence. A study of 24 studies on the topic suggests that violent video games may increase physical aggression among adolescents and preteens, but the effect is small and not conclusive. The authors and critics debate the significance and …Aug 5, 2019 · Advocacy groups warn that pointing to a connection between violent video games and gun violence distracts from the real issue allowing so many mass shootings to occur in the US: gun safety laws ... . 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